The Justification of Science :: Science Scientific Racism Physiognomy Essays

The Justification of Science What does the average person think when they hear that an idea is supported by science? Often, it makes people assume that this idea must be objectively true, and will necessarily be more right than a theory that doesn’t have the backing of â€Å"science.† While in many cases, objective science really does produce better results than mere conjecture, there have also been influential movements in history that were justified by â€Å"science,† but which we see today as unjustifiable. These include biometrical methods like phrenology and craniology, the empirical definitions of racial difference in the 19th century, and the â€Å"scientifically† racist ideology of the Nazis, among many others. In many of these situations, biology has been used to support conceptions that were already accepted in the society of the time. However, they seemed stronger with scientific support, even if the scientific support was weak enough that it was eventually proven to be untrue. Considering this, why were these â€Å"scientific† conclusions seen as objective when, with the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that they were not? Additionally, why did the supporters of these ideologies want to use science as support? If science were seen as merely a collection of useless knowledge, it would not have been relied upon in the way that it was, so it is clear that the scientific method was trusted to add some additional level of truth to the given conclusions. The interactions between these systems of classifying groups of people, their scientific support, and society in general tell us many things about science and about people. Physiognomy and Phrenology The earliest versions of biological classification are found in the related disciplines of physiognomy and phrenology. Physiognomy, the science of reading a person’s character based on facial characteristics, was popularized by Johann Caspar Lavater in the late 18th century. His Essays on Physiognomy, widely read throughout Europe for many decades, gave a newly scientific justification to an idea that had been present in popular thought since ancient Greece. There, Aristotle recorded observing that certain physical traits in people are often linked to distinctive personality traits, and Pythagoras is said to have selected students for his classes based on who â€Å"looked† to have potential (Mainwaring 1980). As this concept reached the 18th century, it was given the explanation that God makes a connection between a person’s face and their â€Å"inner state.

The effects of implementation

One may ponder how the school came to be such a beautiful place, that even visitors and strangers pause for admiration. To begin with, in the year 1950-1951 through energetic Mayor Marcia V. Marino, the school of Sat. Brigade was initiated to be opened. During those days the school site was purely a wilderness and abode of wild animals. Luckily in July 1950, some of the loyal and hardworking men in the persons of Mr.. Severe De Leon Villain, and Mrs.. Richard Cruz a barrio lieutenant, and P. T. A. President.They made a petition signed by all the residents of the place that the community Is In dire need of a school site and building to house their future and present citizens. With God's blessing the petition was granted and approved In August 1952 with Mr.. Potential Antonio being the first supervisor. Through his dynamic guidance and supervision a school building was sprung up from the good coordination, help and untiring effort to good people of Sat. Brigade. A lady teacher was assi gned in the person of Miss Marcela Orbs to organized Grade I classes.The class was first housed temporarily in a private house until finally a school site has been surveyed by Engineer Felon Radon and approved by the government under proclamation No. 51 Series of 1962 by the late President MacDougal. Immediately In 1953 a P. T. A. Building was constructed In the school site spear headed by Mr.. Richard Cruz, the barrio captain, and parents of the community, with special mention to the late Mr.. Alexandra ABA, the chief carpenter who made the school building reached Its completion.Year In and year out additional crowded In until finally in June 1958-1959 a complete primary grades were opened under the head teacher Mr.. Edgar Artist. Year 1961-1962, intermediate classes were opened thus made Sat. Brigade a complete elementary school. His administration was marked by the construction of one Marco's type, 2 Type B-A, and one P. T. A. Building. But time flew so fast that by the year 1969 -1970. Mr.. Edgar Artist was transferred to Room Elementary School and was placed by Mrs.. Slalom B. Rodeos cashed teacher.During his first year of office a permanent fence, flagpole and concrete water- sealed toilet was constructed all of which were donated by the good people of Sat. Brigade and at the same time a Marco's Type Building was constructed and completed too. By 1972-1973, the school got a lion share from the ten percent (10%) tax collection, which made the completion of two more buildings and P. T. A. building now seen at the west side of the school site. The following year she was promoted Into a Principal, and together with her promotion was the construction of another

The Effects of Illegal Immigration - 1182 Words

The Effects of Illegal Immigration The Effects of Illegal Immigration For centuries people have come across the United States borders from foreign countries hoping for a better life, a life that is free from unruly dictators and poverty for them and their families. They wanted to live in the land of opportunity so that they can make something of themselves; this is why we have some of the major problems with illegal immigration. Arizona, California, and Texas border the United States to Mexico; these states are where we have the majority of illegal immigration. Illegal immigration is the migration of foreign citizens into a country in circumstances where such people do not meet the legal requirements for migrating into that country.†¦show more content†¦By 2002 the school population had grown from 49 million students to 55 million students because of immigration. â€Å"The estimated cost to the American taxpayers for the education of immigrant children is $30 billion a year. Since 1980 nearly one third of Arizona children have immigrant parents, seven percent of those children are foreign born. This invasion of immigrants and their children are contributing to severe overcrowding of schools.† (FAIR) In Phoenix, schools are so crowded that students have to go to class in a former mall and there are over 700 elementary school children going to school in an old grocery store. The total K-12 school expenditure for illegal immigrants costs the state’s 74 billion annually, which is enough to buy a computer for every junior high student nationwide. â€Å"Poor English skills among foreign born residents cost more than $175 billion a year in lost productivity, wagers, tax revenues, and unemployment compensation.† (Gallaway) Medical services for Americans in affected communities are being severely damaged as hospitals absorb more than $200 million in uncollected costs. Some emergency rooms have shut down because they cannot afford to remain open. â€Å"Local taxpaying Americans are either denied medical care or have to wait in long lines as the illegal’s flood theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Illegal Immigration1507 Words   |  7 Pagesnation of immigrants but illegal immigration has created many consequences. The number of illegal immigrants living in the U.S. is 11 million in 2017 (Jens Manuel Krogstad) . An Illegal immigration can be defined as the action of come to live permanently in a foreign country without legal permits from the government. According to Immigration Laws, there are 28.4 million immigrants in the U.S. and roughly half of them are illegal immigrants (The Social Effects of Illegal Immigration). There are many argumentsRead MoreEffects Of Illegal Immigration1658 Words   |   7 PagesIllegal immigration and the effect on the United States of America Illegal immigration In the United States no one wants to spend more than they have to, especially when it does not benefit them directly. So why are we? In 2011 the Federation for American Immigration Reform released a document explaining the fiscal burden of taon the taxpayers â€Å"The annual costs of illegal immigration at the federal, state, and local level is $113 billion; $29 billion at the federal level and $84 billion at theRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Illegal Immigration1069 Words   |  5 Pages Immigration, by definition, is the term used to describe the action of coming to live in a foreign country permanently. Illegal immigration however, is the action of crossing, or overstaying, in a place that isn’t one’s native home, without guaranteed residence. For years, people have immigrated left and right due to various reasons and certain said opportunities. It wasn’t until the 1800’s, when the number of immigrants in the United States skyrocketed, that continuous debates about whether illegalRead MoreIllegal Immigration and Its Effect on America1808 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration and Its Effect On America Thesis: Learning as much as possible about Illegal Immigration so that we may understand and try and find a reasonable solution. I. What Is Illegal Immigration? A. Illegal Immigration B. When did it begin? II. Toll of Illegal Immigration On America A. Hidden Cost Of Illegal Immigration B. Crime C. The Loss America Suffers For Illegal Immigration D. How Things Have Changed III. America Speaks Up A. Why AmericansRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Illegal Immigration2000 Words   |  8 PagesThe Negative Effects of Illegal Immigration â€Å"An immigrant is a person who legally comes to a country to take up permanent residence. An â€Å"illegal† immigrant is a person who does so without following the established legal procedures of the destination country and who resides in that country without proper visas or other documents.† (source 1)Illegal immigration is changing the lives of many Americans today, and although all illegal immigrants are not bad and are not here by choice, or to hurtRead MoreEffects of Illegal Immigration Essay2311 Words   |  10 PagesIllegal immigrants entering the United States from other countries has played a major impact on the quality of life of our society. The majority of Americans believe there are no benefits to United States citizens by having illegal immigrants remain in this country. Much of the funding that would typically go to tax paying citizens is now being directed to programs for illegal immigrants, which do not make enough money to financially suppor t themselves and their families. To date, the largest costsRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Its Effects On The United States1327 Words   |  6 PagesChris Boyd Professor Green September 17th, 2015 English 1A Illegal Immigration and its Effects on the United States One of the biggest issues facing the United States is the issue of illegal immigration. Recently, this topic has been heavily discussed in the presidential debates thanks to candidate Donald Trump, but exactly what is illegal immigration and how is it effecting us as citizens of the US? There are many aspects to this issue ranging from an economic standpoint to a moral standpoint soRead MoreEssay on Cause and Effect of Illegal Immigration 1344 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration still remains as one of the major problems on the U.S-Mexico border in our country. The effect of having illegal immigrants in our country puts the U.S in a dire situation. Many people are even starting to question the authority of the U.S. Customs and U.S. Border Patrol agents. Even though Homeland Security is always consistently hiring for U.S customs and border patrol agents to watch over the southern border to make sure no illegal immigrants sneak into the U.S. Many peopleRead MoreIllegal Immigrat ion and the Effect on the Cj System5517 Words   |  23 Pages Illegal Immigration and the effect on the CJ system Name Institution Instructor Date Abstract America is perceived the world over as the â€Å"Promised Land† where everything is possible. This lucrative perception leads many immigrants to seek diverse ways to enter this vast land of promise, with the aim of living the American dream. Illegal immigrants are considered the medium behind some of criminal activities perpetuated in America. Their participation in suchRead MoreIllegal Immigration : Effect On U.s. Economy2074 Words   |  9 PagesS02 8 Mar. 16 Illegal Immigration: Effect on U.S. Economy Introduction Throught out its history, the United States has been renowned as a santuary for immigrants from all over the world. People from all walks of life have migrated to our nation’s shores in search of the autonomous â€Å"American Dream† which Ä ±s vÄ ±ewed as endless freedoms and economÄ ±c opprtunÄ ±tÄ ±es. In recent years however, the Ä ±ncreasÄ ±ng number of Ä ±llegal Ä ±mmÄ ±grants Ä ±n our country has been somewhat alaramÄ ±ng. ImmÄ ±gratÄ ±on experts and

M3.13 Assignment Essay - 1751 Words

Centre No: Candidate name: Joanne Cater Candidate registration No: Work based assignment – M3.13 Developing yourself and others Analysis of development needs and learning styles I decided to complete a development needs analysis to identify any development that would enable me to upskill and improve on my current skills and abilities. I completed this in the form of a S.W.O.T analysis. (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats). It took me a while to consider my Strengths and Weaknesses and I found it useful to look over my job description to help me with this. On consideration I feel my strengths are good†¦show more content†¦You then feel overwhelmed with the workload and unable to tackle it. If you do not prioritize, then you may be taking up valuable time on a task that is less urgent than another and find yourself not meeting deadlines. I feel that gaining a qualification in teaching will give me the skills required of me to fulfil my role effectively but will also give me a personal sense of achievement. Having done a teacher/trainer role for many years, I have yet to complete a qualification that reflects this and so I feel that this would be very relevant for me currently. I supported my colleague whilst she completed her Personal Development Plan, ensuring that she was completing it in SMART targets. Her first target was to improve on her PC skills and her second target was to gain knowledge on the training programme I manage. As my colleague’s role is office based, it is crucial that she is up to date on all computer applications and software including MS office, internet, intranet and ‘in-house’ database systems. She is relied upon to give clear and accurate information to staff and customers of which a full understanding of certain computer systems is essential. It is also good practice to have a good understanding of other staffs roles in order that she can market the company’s services as effectively as possible, therefore a good understanding of the training programmes on offer isShow MoreRelatedIlm M3.18943 Words   |  4 Pagesmandatory units with a combined credit value of 19 †¢ Optional units with a minimum total credit value of 18 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Work-based assignment, plus Change management report, plus Reflective review, plus Leadership action plan and learning log Assessment – mandatory units Assessment – optional units Depending on the units selected, a choice of: work-based assignments, reflective reviews, knowledge reviews; oral presentations, role-play/scenarios, written reports or centre-devised alternativesRead MoreProblem Solving12254 Words   |  50 Pagesto go to section you need ILM Level 3 Award in First Line Management Assessment – Mandatory Units Work-based Assignment M3.01 Solving problems and making decisions Assessment – Optional Units ILM Level 3 Certificate in First Line Management Assessment – Mandatory Units Work-based Assignment M3.01 Solving problems and making decisions Change Management Report M3.02 Understanding change in the workplace

Analysis Of Body And Soul By Alondra Nelson Essay

Aakifa Rahman Dr. Giffort Health, society, and Biomedicine Book club 2nd December 2017 Book Review: Body and Soul Today, one of the leading problems discussed in politics is healthcare. America constantly struggles with their healthcare system to make it affordable and accessible to communities. In the twentieth century this same problem also existed, creating one of the most well-known African American activist groups in America. In the book Body and Soul by Alondra Nelson, it discusses the social inequalities of the healthcare system in America and how the Black Panther Party fought against medical discrimination for African Americans. Nelson talks about how the Black Panther Party went from the role of protecting black citizens to a larger political role in African American health care. The significance of this book applies to medical sociology in many ways and is essential to the understanding of providing better healthcare to future generations. In the following book review, it includes a summary of each chapter to highlight the main points, some of the very many medical sociology concepts that could be applied, and lastly an evaluation of the book as a whole and its significance to our course. Summaries: Chapter 1: African American Responses to Medical Discrimination Before 1966 The purpose of this chapter is to understand theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Fanon s A Dying Colonialism Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretation, arguing that most American readers miss a crucial â€Å"link,† the knowledge of Fanon’s BSWM. As a result, they would usually gloss over the psychological dimension of Fanon’s writing, focusing only on the political and social aspects of his analysis. The fact that TWE is concerned about ending both racial and social oppression, further colored the way people in the United States have perceived the book. The valence of class dominated early academic approaches to engage with Fanon’s. The book’s

Management Theory and Practice

Question: Write essay on management theory and practice. Answer: Introduction Ethics, leadership and decision-making are the three important pillars of any business that can set the reputation of any organisation as well as can increase the market (Raymond, 2014). These three characteristics are the most essential managerial perceptions that need to be observed properly to maintain the business in an appropriate manner. The ethics are the organisational principles that should be followed by every organisation to remain in a good term in the business while the leadership helps the organisations to lead in a right way. On the other hand, decision-making is the main process of any organisation to use the ethics, powers, moral imperatives etc. If these are not applied in any organisation then the company have to face many problems to keep their reputation the same. According to Campbell, (2014), it is noted that when an organisation has failed to incorporate any one of these three characteristics then the organisation has to face an ethical dilemma, which has ruin ed the reputation of the organisation very badly. Therefore, it can be said that the ethics, leadership and decision-making are the vital managerial responsibilities for business. The Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Japanese automobile manufacturer, has faced an ethical dilemma due to breaching the organisational norms. The company has faced a dilemma of manipulating fuel economy tests for 625,000 cars that was recognised by the Japan government and Nissan group when a huge number of cars have failed to deliver the promised fuel consumption (Coombs, W Holladay, 2013). This has created a bad reputation to the customers of the organisations and has shaken the trust to the company. Managerial theory helps the organisations to develop a proper plan and to implement appropriate business strategies to lead the organisation in right direction to attain the desired profitability (Mseitif, 2014). The company,which has mentioned in this study, has faced the ethical dilemma due to not following the principles and CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities) of the organisation that has failed to gain sustainability in the business. The organisation practices a diverse management system that is able to adapt the regular changes in the business but still the company has breached the norms of the ethical values and has failed into the controversy. Therefore, in the study the researcher is discussing about the ethical dilemma of Mitsubishi Motors Company and then has analysed the related theories and linked them with the company how it has used the leadership styles in their organisation. The ethical dilemma that the has faced in recent time was the controversy regarding the manipulation of the fuel economy data for the vehicles that they made (MIZUO, 2013). The company has continuously done the manipulation of the fuel economy data that was changed in the time of testing and then the false data were published for the cars. The company was doing this falsifying case for a long time and most of the cars from this company were failing to gain the customers trust and the other companies who were with them in the joint venture tie up. According to Zelenkova, (2013), the employees of Mitsubishi Motors has flattered the data of actual mileage rates during the test of fuel capacity and has presented the wrong data to the seller of the vehicles. This was completely an activity of breaching the customers with their false information about the products. They had used this trick to gain more profits and to increase their circle of business in the world with more joint ventures a ctivities with others. However, this was not the right thing to do for a company and therefore it was proven to lessen the shares of the company. As per the report, the falsifying of the fuel economic data by the company has affected almost 600,000 vehicles in Japan and the company has lost their 50% of shares. The Nissan Group, who were the joint partner of them, first noticed the issue of falsification of Mitsubishi Motors in manipulating data of the fuel tests. As opined by Heidl et al. (2014), the employees of the company was hiding the actual data of the fuel test and then the data that they were providing was a little higher than the true number. In the company, the fuel test is done in the process that was almost against the rules and laws of the Japan government. According to the law of the government, this was not the process of checking the fuel capacity of any vehicles or car (Caldararo, 2016). The company was checking the tyre pressure figures in the test of their own procedure where they can easily change the actual data of the test result. In later the president of the company has admitted that they have done the falsification deliberately to gain the high profit levels and with this false data, more than 600,000 cars were sold in the market of Japan. Among them almost 470,000 cars were for the Nissan Group that was faced problems and customers poor review. This has forced the Nissan Group to investigate the matter very minutely to find out the real problem regarding the vehicles that they can sort out their faults. In the time of investigation, they found the inconsistency in their vehicles mileage then they were able to understand the main problem that was continuously created by the Mitsubishi employees. Therefore, the controversy has lessen the rate of the companys share in the market of Japan and lost the reputation that they have acquired until then. The managerial ethics is the main foundation of every organisations ethics based on which all the activities of the companies are taken to implement the appropriate and actual rules and regulation for leading the company (Haskin, 2016). The ethical behaviours of any organisation are driven by the values and principles and it helps the organisations to develop their business policies and strategies for the future of the company. The ethics helps the organisational managerial to understand the right and wrong steps for the company as well as the good and bad things too. There are many ethical theories that help the management of the organisations to understand the ethical values and its importance in the workplaces to implement the business strategies and other policies to increase the business and to get the establishment in the market. Therefore, the researcher is discussing about two managerial ethics theories that can be used by Mitsubishi in their organisation to save their ethica l values in the time of giving service. According to Burke, (2016), is based on the concepts of the stakeholders point of view. The main emphasis of the theory is that any action should not take on considering only ones utility rather the theory refers to the managers to look beyond the self-interest and think about the profits of others too. As stated by Mayer et al. (2012), if the managerial of any organisation only thinks about a particular group of peoples benefit then it can harm the other people within the organisation. However, the organisation mainly affected by any action of the management then the consequences of that action has to be considered before taking the decision. It is argued by Zhang et al. (2013) who thinks that the theory is not focussing on any one perspective of the management. It is emphasising on the various approaches of an action rather focussing on the moral acts or ethical values and rules. The Utilitarianism theory of managerial is expressed in various ways. The theory can be interpreted in the way that there is no such morality or ethical rule that is said as appropriate. Therefore, the theory is mainly focussing on the actions of the management that they are taking the right or wrong steps in the organisation. In this case, the organisation has faced the ethical dilemma when they used the non-ethical decisions in their firm due to which the scandal has reached in the situation. If the management of the Mitsubishi Motor Corporation has applied this theory then they might have saved the situation to go this much worse. The management in the company has implemented the wrong strategies to gain the profit for the company by using the unethical decision. Apart from this, there is another ethical theory that can be helpful for the companies to set their ethical values and this will also help the management of the companies to know about their right decision making power. The theory is Justice based ethical theory that refers to the three main components upon which the managerial ethics are dependant. The three components are the equality, fairness and the impartiality. According to Schaubroeck et al. (2012), the first component of this theory is the equality, which refers to the equality of the management in taking any decision. In the time of taking any decision, the management have to be equal to all. Therefore, the management of any organisation has to take the decisions equally that it cannot create any controversy regarding the unequal decision that can be considered as unethical. Another component is referring the fairness of the management to the employees, which is the main basic of trust in an organisation. If the management always take every decision fairly and disclose all the information regarding any decision taken for the organisation to the employees then it will never be fail to gain the trust of the employees and will develop a good relationship between the employees and management. Apart from these two components, another one component is very important for any organisational management to increase their ethical business. The main base of the theory depends on a component that is impartiality (Hannah, Avolio Walumbwa, 2014). In any organisation if the management focus on the impartiality, then the organisational management will be automatically become ethical. In this case, the management of the Mitsubishi Company has not followed the three components of the theory. They did not follow the ethical value of equality and impartiality. In addition, they also ignored to become fair about their strategies that they have taken to gain more profit. They did it unethically and without following, any e thical values that can justify their action of falsifying the fuel test of the vehicles in Japan. The ethical values of the organizations have to be maintained by the management of the company otherwise the company will fall into the situations like the automobile company Mitsubishi Motor Corporation has fallen. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the management of every organisation to keep the ethical values and moral norms of the organisation to remain true to the customers as well as employees (Zelenkova, 2013). The managerial theory that is evaluated in the study above has mentioned the Utilitarianism theory of ethics and the Justice based ethical theory. These two are the theories that can describe the dos and donts for the management of an organisation to avoid the ethical dilemmas. As per the managerial theories every organisation has to abide by the rules and principles of the organisation that saves the organisational values and ethics. If there is no ethics of an organisation then their business cannot be trusted by the customers and the employees (Campbell, 2014). The main message of these two theories is the same that the companies have to maintain some features of managerial ethics such as the management have to be very clear to the employees and stakeholders to lead the business properly; they have to be conscious about the after effect of any action that they are taking on behalf of their business strategy; and in addition they have to be very conscious about their impartial actions and fairness to the stakeholders to gain the trust and dependence of their co-workers to lead the company towards high profit. This can be happened only with a good leadership approach that the automobile company of Japan, Mitsubishi Motor Corporation, lacked in. According to Caldararo, (2016), if the company has a good leadership approach and if the leader has acted with ethical values then the company has not to face this kind of ethical controversy. Therefore, it can be said that an ethical leaders can handle this kind of situations to stop running the company towards an ethical dilemma. The ethical leader or a moral leader can control these kinds of situation ethically without harming anyone while decision making. The Mitsubishi Motor Corporation lacks the ethical leader in their organisation to guide the employees from involving themselves in the ethical dilemma situation. As stated by Hannah, Avolio and Walumbwa, (2014), if the company has practiced a moral leadership approach then the employees cannot did this kind of falsifying activities with the stakeholders as well as the customers by manipulating the data only to increase their profit value. This has influenced the decision making procedure too that the leaders could not taken this type of unethical decision to attain the high profitability as it was strike them that the act was completely unethical (Jordan et al. 2013). Therefore, the management of the company should h ave been followed the ethical or moral leadership style to impalement the proper business strategies for the company ethically and to lead the employees and others as per the ethical norms of the organisation. Therefore, it can be said if the company has not implemented this unethical strategy in their company and has not hide the real data of fuel economy test then the vehicles had not faced this type of inconsistent service and has not received poor reviews from the customers. Moreover, the unethical way of the management has proved their lack in decision making power as well as their wrong leadership approach, which have to be revised to gain the previous reputation and trust of others to sustain in the market for a long time. According to Mayer et al., (2012), ethical leadership is related to directing the employees of the organization towards ethical standards so that they can maintain ethical belief in their work process. On the other hand, Jordan et al., (2013) opined that ethical leadership is highly concerned with protecting values and dignity of others from outside and inside of the organization. According to Schaubroeck et al., (2012) leaders can ensure that ethical decision has been met in the organization through keeping transparency in the decision and sharing it with all the stakeholders of the organization. On the other hand, Moore et al., (2014) opined that the leaders should establish ethical standard in the mind of the employees in such a way that they should not do any unethical activity in the work process that can hamper the trust of the customers. According to Kacmar et al., (2013), it has been found that the employees of Mitsubishi have falsified the tyre pressure of Nissan cars in term of mileage rates. On the other hand, Schaubroeck et al., (2012) opined that the employees had intentionally falsified the mileage information of the cars so that customers are highly motivated to buy the cars. This incident prominently shows the unethical behaviour of the employees. According to Mayer et al., (2012), in this case, the leaders were unable to take ethical decision and communicate it properly with the employees for keeping consistency in the organization. On the other hand, Kacmar et al., (2013) opined that the leaders of this organization has failed to show ethical behavior for influencing the employees and thus, ethical code of conduct has not been maintained thereby, became the joke due to inability of the leaders in living up their published code of conduct. According to Jordan et al., (2013), ethical leadership is beyond being a well person and it is related to make ethical standards in making decision about the organization. On the other hand, Moore et al., (2014) opined that in order to make ethical decision, the leaders of the organization should make ethics a consistent a clear part of the agenda of the organization. In case of decision-making, the leaders should set appropriate set of standards and model behavior so that every employees in the organization hold accountability towards their job role. When taking any major decision about the organization, the leaders should take the interest of the stakeholders and try to fulfill that interest with maintaining transparency with them. According to Kacmar et al., (2013), ethical leaders of the organization make an ethical culture within the organization so that the employees can perform according to the set ethical standards. On the other hand, Moore et al., (2014) opined that this kin d of culture help the employees in internalize the exact value of the organization and thereby, the employees do not perform any fraud activity in the organization that can make the customers disappointed. Apart from that, the ethical leaders also initiate high level of penalties and punishment in regards to the violation of the ethical standards by the employees a making any unethical decision in the organization. Conclusion In this study, the researcher has focused on the ethics, leadership and decision-making of the organisations and the importance of these three components in managing the ethical values of the organisations. It is found that the ethical values are very essential to keep in mind in the time of implementing new ideas and strategies for the company. Therefore, the management of the companies have to focus on the ethical value of the organisation while taking the decisions for the company. If the decisions will not be taken according to the managerial theoretical concepts then the management of the organisations have to face a huge ethical dilemma in business, which can damage their reputation in the market as well as ruin their loyalty to the customers and to their employees. The researcher has also discussed the ethical values and the importance of moralities in the organisations to maintain the goodwill of the company and it can be earned with good works and services. The study has dis closed that an appropriate leadership approach can avail this goodwill for the company. Therefore, it can be concluded that an organisation can lead their business activities without falling in any ethical dilemma with an appropriate leadership approach, which will be rich with moral leaders and good organisational management. Recommendations The case study of Mitsubishi Motors Corporation shows that the company has participated in unethical decision-making, which is influences by the leadership approach of the organization. According to Jordan et al., (2013), the leadership approach of an organization is solely responsible for monitoring the decision-making process performed by an organization. However, Kacmar et al., (2013) argued that it is not possible to monitor activities of every individual; employees. Therefore, the company should be transformational in terms of leadership approach. This leadership approach will help the organizations to maintain business sustainability. If managers of an organization put extra and unrealistic pressure on the employees, then the employee may adopt unethical activities for meeting the objectives (Heidl, Steensma Phelps, 2014). Therefore, it is highly important to be realistic while setting organizational goal. In this manner, the company would be able to maintain ethical business practices. Reference List Burke, R. J. (2016). The Healthy Organization: Reducing High-risk Individual Behavior and Organizational Toxicity.The Fulfilling Workplace: The Organization's Role in Achieving Individual and Organizational Health, 1. Caldararo, N. L. (2016). Ethics, Morals, Taxation, Stagnation, Bank Holidays, Financial Evolution and Central Bank Credit.Morals, Taxation, Stagnation, Bank Holidays, Financial Evolution and Central Bank Credit (May 17, 2016). Campbell, A. R. (2014).An examination of the factors influencing the decision to adopt alternative fuel vehicles(Doctoral dissertation, Amy Campbell). Coombs, W. T., Holladay, S. J. (2013).It's not just PR: Public relations in society. John Wiley Sons. Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O. (2014). Addendum to Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors.Business Ethics Quarterly,24(02), 277-279. Haskin, J. M. (2016).When All Roads Lead to the Standoff: How Corporate Governance Fuels White Supremacy. Algora Publishing. Heidl, R. A., Steensma, H. K., Phelps, C. (2014). Divisive faultlines and the unplanned dissolutions of multipartner alliances.Organization Science,25(5), 1351-1371. Jordan, J., Brown, M. E., Trevio, L. K., Finkelstein, S. (2013). Someone to look up to executivefollower ethical reasoning and perceptions of ethical leadership.Journal of Management,39(3), 660-683. Kacmar, K. M., Andrews, M. C., Harris, K. J., Tepper, B. J. (2013). 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Response to the “Why we should Legalize Drugs” by Benson B. Roe, MD Essay Example

Response to the â€Å"Why we should Legalize Drugs† by Benson B. Roe, MD Essay The issue concerning use of illegal drugs is a very sensitive one, considering that most people seem to believe that drugs like cocaine, heroin and marijuana to be very dangerous and highly addictive. The media, teachers, police and virtually everybody believe that such drugs should remain illegal and their use should be extensively discouraged and constrained. That explains why their use is called â€Å"abuse†. Cocaine, heroin, and marijuana are among the hardcore drugs, whose destructive nature no words can possibly, conclusively describe. That is according to most people. But not according to Dr. Benson B. Roe. His argument that these drugs should not be labeled â€Å"more evil than legal substances like alcohol† would come as shock to most people. However, it would be quite unfair to condemn the doctor without hearing out his arguments and weighing them on a scale, against what most people believe. Only then would it be possible to see the issue in a completely diff erent perspective; a rather controversial perspective, which is just what this paper will seek to do (Roe, 2010).Roe’s arguments cannot be said to be baseless. Rather, he begins his arguments by giving some interesting background information on how he came to reconsider his belief that such kinds of drugs are â€Å"bad, dangerous and destructive†. The article presents some very fascinating evidence: most of the drug users’ deaths are due to contamination of intravenous injections, with only a few fatalities being caused by overdoses. It is accurate to state that not many people will believe that most of the drugs, if taken in moderation, are â€Å"pathologically harmless†. But this is exactly what Roe states in this professionally presented article (Roe, 2010).It is important to note the observation that there are few heroin users who are beyond the age of 50 because they had grown tired of using the drugs and therefore been able to quit. While many peopl e may not have ways of verifying this, if true, then it definitely forms a very strong part of Roe’s evidence that they are harmless provided that they are consumed in moderation. Although it is quite hard to believe that drugs like marijuana or heroin, just like alcohol, are harmless as long as they are taken in moderation, there is no reliable evidence to suggest that the drugs considered to be illegal are indeed more harmless than those considered to be legal. This view comes as rather shocking, considering that even the media send the message that these drugs are extremely dangerous and most people believe it (Roe, 2010).By arguing that there is no point of banning some drugs by calling them evil, addictive and poisonous and legalizing others, Roe provokes some fresh look at what makes the drugs illegal and leaves some equally harmful substances legal. For example, he argues that the â€Å"evil† label on some of these drugs has no legal basis. Concerning addiction, there are numerous other things that are addictive, like tobacco, yet they remain legal (Roe, 2010).This is quite a strong case because in as much as marijuana and the other drugs are addictive, there is no credible evidence that they are more so than tobacco and other things like chocolate, gambling and sex (Roe, 2010). However, the writer fails to note that the drugs are highly addictive, which is a negative thing. The use of drugs is known to cause users to have impaired judgment and that continuous use results to resistance to the hallucinogenic effects of the drugs, leading to increase in intakes by users and addiction. There is also a higher possibility of drug users causing accidents at work, school, and home which also endangers their lives as well as those of others around them (US No Drugs, 2009).Roe even goes to the extent of terming claims that these drugs are â€Å"deadly poisons† a â€Å"hoax†, arguing that the medical evidence that sustained, moderate u se of these drugs is little, if there is any. His argument goes like this: most of these drugs have been used in large amounts through the centuries, yet there is no clinical evidence that they cause any serious diseases (Roe, 2010). This contradicts the belief created by research that users of these drugs experience many other physical effects apart from the hallucinogenic effect. The effects include problems while driving, flashbacks and unwanted recurrences of their effects even for months after use. Another thing is that some of these drugs also cause users to have little inhibitions when it comes to sexual matters, increasing their sexual activity and eventually increasing their risk of contracting STIs. Also, it is well known that if users stop using the drugs abruptly, they may experience withdrawal symptoms like muscle cramps and convulsions (US No Drugs, 2009).Roe’s argument that most drug users are not addicts and that only a few users fall to addiction, which is th e same case with alcohol users, is based on the assumption that the drug market is so huge yet there are only a few users who are known to become addicted (Roe, 2010). These claims cannot be verified, because nobody really knows the exact extent to which these drugs are consumed and there is also no evidence that the users do not eventually become addicts. To prove this point, Roe would have to conduct extensive research to establish the real ratio of the drug users and the addictions resulting from the drug use. Only then would this claim be credible.In conclusion, the writer shows some considerable amount of effort in advocating for the legalization of these drugs, but the fact that other   harmful things like tobacco, alcohol, (and other addictive products) in the market today are legal does not make it right to legalize these drugs. Two wrongs will not make things right. It is important to note that not only are these drugs highly addictive, but also high-illusion causing and should therefore remain illegal. By focusing much on the addictiveness of the drugs by likening them to things like chocolate, the writer greatly underrates the negative effects these drugs have on human behavior and therefore he misses the mark. What he probably should focus on is the banning of other harmful drugs, rather than the legalization of the other illegal drugs.ReferencesRoe, B. B. MD. (2010). Why we should legalize drugs. Retrieved 14 Jul. 2010 fromhttp://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Misc/roe1.htmUS No Drugs. (2009). Effects of Drug Abuse On the Individual. Retrieved 14 Jul. 2010 fromhttp://www.usnodrugs.com/effects-of-drug-abuse.htm